![]() This concept has been further developed by Klaus Hurrelmann and Gudrun Quenzel using the dynamic model of "developmental tasks". In the final stage, stage eight or old age, people are still learning about the challenge of integrity and despair. In stage seven, or middle adulthood, people experience the challenge of trying to make a difference (versus self-absorption). The sixth stage, young adulthood, is when young people gain insight into life when dealing with the challenge of intimacy and isolation. In the fifth stage called adolescence, teenagers experience the challenge of gaining identity versus confusion. Stage four, pre-adolescence, children learn about industriousness and inferiority. In stage three, preschool, children struggle to understand the difference between initiative and guilt. The second stage is toddlerhood where children around the age of two struggle with the challenge of autonomy versus doubt. The first stage in the life course is infancy, where babies learn trust and mistrust. Erikson (1902–1994) explained the challenges throughout the life course. Main article: Erikson's stages of psychosocial developmentĮrik H. Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioral outcomes. Socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes. Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal". Socialization may lead to desirable outcomes-sometimes labeled " moral"-as regards the society where it occurs. Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children. ![]() ![]() Humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive. Socialization is strongly connected to developmental psychology. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained". In sociology, socialization or socialisation (see spelling differences) is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.
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